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	\| Name = Mouth		\| Name = Mouth
	\| Latin = os, oris<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schröder\|first1=Hannsjörg\|last2=Moser\|first2=Natasha\|last3=Huggenberger\|first3=Stefan\|publisher=Springer International Publishing\|year = 2020\|title=Neuroanatomy of the Mouse: An Introduction\|page=105\|access-date=December 24, 2023\|isbn=978-3-03019-898-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5HTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref>		\| Latin = os, oris<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schröder\|first1=Hannsjörg\|last2=Moser\|first2=Natasha\|last3=Huggenberger\|first3=Stefan\|publisher=Springer International Publishing\|year = 2020\|title=Neuroanatomy of the Mouse: An Introduction\|page=105\|access-date=December 24, 2023\|isbn=978-3-03019-898-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5HTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref>
	\| Image = File:~~close up man lips~~.~~jpg~~		\| Image = File:Human_mouth_detailed.glb
	\| Caption = ~~Photograph~~ of ~~the closed~~ mouth ~~of a male~~		\| Caption = 3D model of human mouth
	\| Width =		\| Width =
	\| Image2 = Illu01 head neck.jpg		\| Image2 = Illu01 head neck.jpg

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{{short description|Part of human anatomy}}
{{About|the mouths of humans|the mouths of other animals|Mouth|the landform|River mouth|other uses|Mouth (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the cavity|the front part|Lip}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Mouth
| Latin = os, oris<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schröder|first1=Hannsjörg|last2=Moser|first2=Natasha|last3=Huggenberger|first3=Stefan|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year = 2020|title=Neuroanatomy of the Mouse: An Introduction|page=105|access-date=December 24, 2023|isbn=978-3-03019-898-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5HTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref>
| Image = File:close up man lips.jpg
| Caption = Photograph of the closed mouth of a male
| Width =
| Image2 = Illu01 head neck.jpg
| Caption2 = Head and neck
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}
In [[human anatomy]], the '''mouth''' is the first portion of the [[alimentary canal]] that receives [[Human food|food]] and produces [[saliva]].<ref name="humanbiology">{{cite book
| last = Maton
| first = Anthea
| author2 = Jean Hopkins
| author3 = Charles William McLaughlin
| author4 = Susan Johnson
| author5 = Maryanna Quon Warner
| author6 = David LaHart
| author7 = Jill D. Wright
| title = Human Biology and Health
| publisher = Prentice Hall
| year = 1993
| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
| url = https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho
| isbn = 0-13-981176-1
| url-access = registration
}}</ref> The [[oral mucosa]] is the mucous membrane [[epithelium]] lining the inside of the mouth.

In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the [[digestive system]], the mouth also plays a significant role in [[communication]]. While primary aspects of the [[voice]] are produced in the [[throat]], the [[tongue]], [[lip]]s, and [[human mandible|jaw]] are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in [[speech]].

The mouth consists of two regions, the '''vestibule''' and the '''oral cavity proper'''. The mouth, normally moist, is lined with a [[mucous membrane]], and contains the [[human teeth|teeth]]. The lips mark the transition from mucous membrane to [[human skin|skin]], which covers most of the [[human body|body]].

== Structure ==
=== Oral cavity === 
[[File:Blausen 0653 MouthAnatomy.png|thumb|Anatomy of the mouth.]]
[[File:Floor of the mouth.png|thumb|Floor of the mouth with [[lingual frenum]] and [[sublingual fold]]]]
The mouth consists of two regions: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the teeth, lips and cheeks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pocock |first1=Gillian |url=https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyb0000poco_e8v5 |title=Human Physiology |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-856878-0 |edition=Third |page=382 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The oral cavity is bounded at the sides and in front by the [[alveolar process]] (containing the [[human teeth|teeth]]) and at the back by the [[isthmus of the fauces]]. Its roof is formed by the [[hard palate]]. The floor is formed by the [[mylohyoid muscle]]s and is occupied mainly by the anterior two-thirds of the [[tongue]]. A [[mucous membrane]] – the [[oral mucosa]], lines the sides and under surface of the tongue to the [[gingiva|gum]]s, and lines the inner aspect of the jaw ([[human mandible|mandible]]). It receives secretions from the [[submandibular gland|submandibular]] and [[sublingual gland|sublingual]] [[salivary gland]]s. The posterior border of the oral cavity (ie, junction between the oral cavity and the [[oropharynx]]) includes the junction of the [[hard palate]] and the [[soft palate]] superiorly, the [[circumvallate papillae]] of the [[tongue]] inferiorly, and the [[retromolar trigone]].

=== Lips ===
[[File:Mouth.jpg|200px|thumb|A closed human mouth.]]
The [[lip]]s come together to close the opening of the mouth, forming a line between the upper and lower lip. In [[Lip#Facial expression|facial expression]], this ''mouth line'' is iconically shaped like an up-open [[parabola]] in a [[smile]], and like a down-open parabola in a [[frown]]. A ''down-turned mouth'' means a mouth line forming a down-turned parabola, and when permanent can be normal. Also, a ''down-turned mouth'' can be part of the presentation of [[Prader-Willi syndrome|Prader–Willi syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/1096-8628(200022)97:2<136::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-V|title=Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: Sister imprinted disorders|year=2000|last1=Cassidy|first1=Suzanne B.|last2=Dykens|first2=Elisabeth|last3=Williams|first3=Charles A.|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=97|issue=2|pages=136–46|pmid=11180221}}</ref>

===Nerve supply===
The teeth and the [[periodontium]] (the [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]] that support the teeth) are innervated by the [[maxillary nerve|maxillary]] and [[mandibular nerve]]s – divisions of the [[trigeminal nerve]]. Maxillary (upper) teeth and their associated [[periodontal ligament]] are innervated by the superior alveolar nerves, branches of the maxillary division, termed the [[posterior superior alveolar nerve]], [[anterior superior alveolar nerve]], and the variably present [[middle superior alveolar nerve]]. These nerves form the [[superior dental plexus]] above the maxillary teeth. The mandibular (lower) teeth and their associated periodontal ligament are innervated by the [[inferior alveolar nerve]], a branch of the mandibular division. This nerve runs inside the mandible, within the [[mandibular canal|inferior alveolar canal]] below the mandibular teeth, giving off branches to all the lower teeth ([[inferior dental plexus]]).<ref name="Grays2008">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4 |title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |year=2008 |isbn=978-0443066849 |editor=Susan Standring |edition=40th |location=[Edinburgh] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lindhe2008">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalperiodon0002unse |title=Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry 5th edition |publisher=Blackwell Munksgaard |year=2008 |isbn=9781405160995 |editor1-last=Lindhe |editor1-first=Jan |location=Oxford, UK |page=48 |pages= |editor2-last=Lang |editor2-first=Niklaus P |editor3-last=Karring |editor3-first=Thorkild |url-access=registration |orig-year=2003}}</ref> The [[oral mucosa]] of the gingiva (gums) on the [[Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry|facial]] (labial) aspect of the maxillary [[incisor]]s, [[canine tooth|canines]] and [[premolar]] teeth is innervated by the superior labial branches of the [[infraorbital nerve]]. The posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the gingiva on the facial aspect of the maxillary [[molar (tooth)|molar]] teeth. The gingiva on the [[palate|palatal]] aspect of the maxillary teeth is innervated by the [[greater palatine nerve]] apart from in the incisor region, where it is the [[nasopalatine nerve]] (long sphenopalatine nerve). The gingiva of the [[tongue|lingual]] aspect of the mandibular teeth is innervated by the sublingual nerve, a branch of the [[lingual nerve]]. The gingiva on the facial aspect of the mandibular incisors and canines is innervated by the [[mental nerve]], the continuation of the inferior alveolar nerve emerging from the [[mental foramen]]. The gingiva of the buccal (cheek) aspect of the mandibular molar teeth is innervated by the [[buccal nerve]] (long buccal nerve).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalperiodon0002unse |title=Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry 5th edition |publisher=Blackwell Munksgaard |year=2008 |isbn=9781405160995 |editor1-last=Lindhe |editor1-first=Jan |location=Oxford, UK |pages= |editor2-last=Lang |editor2-first=Niklaus P |editor3-last=Karring |editor3-first=Thorkild |url-access=registration |orig-year=2003}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The [[philtrum]] is the vertical depression formed between the ''philtral ridges'' between the upper lip and the nasal septum, formed where the [[nasomedial]] and [[maxilla]]ry processes meet during [[human embryogenesis|embryo development]]. When these processes fail to fuse fully, a [[cleft lip]], [[cleft palate]], or both can result.

The [[nasolabial fold]]s are the deep creases of tissue that extend from the nose to the sides of the mouth. One of the first signs of age on the human face is the increase in prominence of the nasolabial folds.

== Function ==
The mouth plays an important role in [[eating]], [[drink]]ing, and speaking. [[Mouth breathing]] refers to the act of breathing through the mouth (as a temporary backup system) if there is an obstruction to [[Obligate nasal breathing|breathing through the nose]], which is the designated breathing organ for the human body.<ref name="cc">{{cite web |last=Turowski |first=Jason |date=2016-04-29 |title=Should I Breathe Through My Mouth or Through My Nose? |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/breathe-mouth-nose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630214019/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/breathe-mouth-nose/ |archive-date=Jun 30, 2020 |access-date=2020-06-28 |publisher=[[Cleveland Clinic]]}}</ref>

[[Infant]]s are born with a [[Primitive reflexes#Sucking reflex|sucking reflex]], by which they [[instinct]]ively know to suck for nourishment using their lips and [[jaw]].
The mouth also helps in [[chewing]] and [[biting]] food.

For some disabled people, especially many disabled artists, who through illness, accident or congenital disability have lost dexterity, their mouths take the place of their hands, when typing, texting, writing, making [[drawing]]s, [[painting]]s and other works of art by maneuvering brushes and other tools, in addition to the basic oral functions. [[Mouth and foot painting|Mouth painters]] hold the brush in their mouth or between their teeth and maneuver it with their tongue and cheek muscles, but mouth painting can be strenuous for neck and jaw muscles since the head has to perform the same back and forth movement as a hand does when painting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Squeezable Paint Brushes (Howard University)|url=http://aac-rerc.psu.edu/wordpressmu/RESNA-SDC/2014/05/31/squeezable-paint-brushes-howard-university/|website=RESNA|publisher=[[Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America]]|date=31 May 2014|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301150652/http://aac-rerc.psu.edu/wordpressmu/RESNA-SDC/2014/05/31/squeezable-paint-brushes-howard-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="daily">{{cite web|last1=Winchester|first1=Levi|title=Watch: Woman born without fully-formed limbs creates stunning artwork using her mouth|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/487993/VIDEO-Woman-creates-art-with-her-mouth|date=10 July 2014|website=www.express.co.uk|publisher=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref>

A [[male]] mouth can hold, on average, {{convert|71.2|ml|abbr=on}}, while a [[female]] mouth holds {{convert|55.4|ml|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nascimento |first1=Weslania Viviane |last2=Cassiani |first2=Rachel Aguiar |last3=Dantas |first3=Roberto Oliveira |date=September 2012 |title=Gender effect on oral volume capacity |journal=Dysphagia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=384–389 |doi=10.1007/s00455-011-9379-4 |issn=1432-0460 |pmid=22120835|s2cid=22688382 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
{{Portal|Medicine}}
* [[Head and neck anatomy]]
* [[Index of oral health and dental articles]]
* [[List of basic dentistry topics]]
* [[Mouth breathing]]

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|title=[[Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art]]
|last=Nestor|first=James|publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2020|isbn= 978-0735213616 |pages=304}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|89em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|human mouths}}
* {{Wikiquote inline|mouths}}

{{Human regional anatomy}}
{{Human systems and organs}}
{{Mouth anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Facial features]]
[[Category:Mouth| ]]
[[Category:Human anatomy]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]
[[Category:Speech organs]]
[[Category:Human mouth anatomy]]
[[Category:digestive system]]

Human mouth - Revision history

OpenDEM 1 at 14:35, 16 August 2025

OpenDEM 1: 1 revision imported from :wikipedia:en:Human_mouth

wikipedia:en>Citation bot: Removed URL that duplicated identifier. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine